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The talking stick, also called a speaker's staff,〔Wade 31〕 is an instrument of aboriginal democracy used by many tribes, especially those of indigenous peoples of the Northwest Coast of North America. The talking stick may be passed around a group or used only by leaders as a symbol of their authority and right to speak in public.〔Werness 295〕 In a tribal council circle, a talking stick is passed around from member to member allowing only the person holding the stick to speak. This enables all those present at a council meeting to be heard, especially those who may be shy; consensus can force the stick to move along to assure that the "long winded" don't dominate the discussion; and the person holding the stick may allow others to interject. Talking sticks have high ceremonial and spiritual value, and have proved to be exceedingly useful during current implementations. Akan chiefs in Western Africa have a tradition of speaker's staffs capped with gold-leafed finials. These emerged in the 19th century as a symbol of the holder's power.〔 ==Northwest Coast art== In the Northwest Coast, talking sticks are carved wooden staffs, which can either bear a single crest at the top or be fully carved with heraldic clan crests of the chief or hereditary political spokesman.〔 The staffs can include shell inlay.〔 The staffs resemble small totem poles and are still used ceremonially today.〔Stewart and Tait 41〕 At gatherings, especially potlatches, a chief or his designated speaker holds the talking stick and publicly announces message.〔〔Shearer 103〕 The speaker thumps the stick on the ground for emphasis.〔 A feather has been used as a stand-in for the talking stick.〔Shearer 46〕 Talking sticks are a contemporary Northwest Coast art form with great symbolic importance. Tsimshian woodcarver David A. Boxley was commissioned to sculpt a crown of a talking stick for the 1990 Goodwill Games, that incorporated symbolism of the United States and Russia. This staff was carried from Spokane, Washington to Oregon and on to Seattle, Washington by participating athletes.〔("Artist's Profile." ) ''David Boxley.'' (retrieved 27 Oct 2011)〕 Talking sticks are also incorporated into totem poles. In 1988 Kwakwaka'wakw Richard Hunt carved the world's largest totem pole featuring a Cedar Man wielding a 4.3 meter (14 foot) tall talking stick.〔Stewart and Tait 115〕〔("Cedar Man Holding Talking Stick – Richard Hunt 1988." ) ''Cowichan Valley Travel, Tourism and Photography Information.'' retrieved 27 Oct 2011〕 Representations of chiefs are carved in totem poles carrying talking sticks as well as coppers.〔Stewart and Tait 141〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Talking stick」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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